Seven pairs of easily confused money terms

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Every area of specialization has its own vocabulary and its own subtleties in word choice. Here are seven pairs of money terms that seem interchangeable at first glance, but are actually slightly different …

Here are seven pairs of money terms that are easily confused. The more you know, right?

APR vs. APY

These two abbreviations are familiar ones from banks and credit card issuers.

Annual percentage rate (APR) gives the yearly cost of a mortgage or other loan, including any interest, insurance, and origination fees, expressed as a percentage. It is the product of the periodic rate and the number of periods per year. APR does not take into account the effects of compounding.

Annual percentage yield (APY) gives the effective interest rate, and is always higher than the corresponding APR, except in the case of annual compounding, in which case APR and APY are equal.

For the mathy types: APY is one plus the periodic rate, raised to the power of the number of periods in a year, and from this value one is subtracted. As an example, for a credit card with an APR of 12%, on which interest accrues monthly, the APY is (1 + 0.01)12 – 1 x 100% = 12.68%.

Mint variety vs. Mint error

These two numismatic terms are used somewhat interchangeably, but mint errors are actually a specific class of mint varieties; not all varieties are errors.

Mint varieties include any and all variants in the way a specific coin looks coming off the press, regardless of why it looks that way. Dies became worn, and expedients were used to get a little more life out of old dies or to speed the minting process. Some coins were weakly struck, and sometimes a Mint employee might deliberately misstrike a quarter on a dime planchet, or whatever.

These are deliberate, and hence are not mint errors, which should really include only specimens that should have been “normal,” but weren't for some reason. A lot of eBay auctions at one point had “upside-down lettering errors” that were really just varieties; there were as many upside-down lettering coins as right-side-up lettering coins.

Tax deduction vs. Tax credit

Even if tax time is a ways off, or just around the corner, these are two terms that both indicate you can subtract from the amount you owe, which is the good news.

The difference lies in where you subtract.

A tax deduction is used to adjust your gross income (hence the term adjusted gross income), which is the main amount that is used to determine how much tax you owe. The subtraction of a deduction is taken before you calculate your tax.

A tax credit, on the other hand, is subtracted after you calculate your tax. A $1,000 tax deduction will save you $1,000 times your marginal tax rate, whereas a $1,000 tax credit will save you $1,000.

Pre-qualification vs. pre-approval

These two kinds of letters are very important if you're looking to buy a home. Both indicate that the prospective home buyer will be able to secure financing and hence is a good candidate for the sale. The difference is in the extent of the indication.

A pre-qualification letter is the first hoop to jump through and may be based more or less on what the buyer states herself regarding income, job, credit rating, etc. It's better than nothing; if will help you to avoid being screened out.

A pre-approval letter, though,  is given only after a credit check and other verification of appropriate information. If the rest of the loan underwriting of the loan is successful (including an appraisal, title check, etc.) then the loan will be approved; the suitability of the borrower has already been accomplished by the time a pre-approval letter has been issued.

Treasury bill vs. treasury note vs. treasury bond

All are forms of debt issued by the United States Treasury, but the length to maturity — essentially, the term of the loan you're making to the government — maturities are different.

Treasury bills have the shortest maturity (no more than one year) and are bought at a discount to their face value (no less than $1,000), and paid at face value upon maturity.

Treasury notes are intermediate- to long-term (2, 5, or 10 years), pay interest semi-annually, and also have a $1,000 minimum investments.

Treasury bonds have the longest maturity (30 years) and pay interest semi-annually.

(Learn why long-term bond prices fluctuate more than short-term bond prices!)

Penny vs. Cent

Coins representing one-hundredth of a US dollar are called “pennies” more than they're called “cents,” but cent is the correct term.

The coins that Americans love to hate have been officially called cents since the US Mint began producing them in 1793. The obverse (front) began bearing a portrait of Abraham Lincoln in 1909 as a commemoration of the 100th anniversary of his birth. The cents got another redesign in 1959 with the reverse bearing the Lincoln Memorial, and again in 2009 with four separate designs celebrating the 200th anniversary of Lincoln's birth.

Pennies, instead, relate to hundredth parts of the modern British Pound Sterling and others.

Multi-level-marketing business vs. pyramid scheme

These two terms are often thought of as being interchangeable, but they're not.

A multi-level-marketing business, or MLM business, is a legal business model. There is an actual product to be sold at a reasonable price. The business grows by placing a rewards system in place that encourages both sales of the product and recruiting of new salespeople. Avon, Mary Kay, Pampered Chef, and others have a multi-level marketing structure.

A pyramid scheme, on the other hand, is illegal. There is (usually) no real product to be sold (or a minimally useful one) and the primary activity is shuffling money to several levels above you and sending out letters to five of your closest friends. The small minority that enters the pyramid scheme first profit at the expense of the large majority that enters later and this is by design.

20 thoughts on “Seven pairs of easily confused money terms”

  1. One of my personal favorites: investment vs. an account.

    Too often, I hear of people saying they have their money invested in an IRA. Of course, an IRA is an account; unless you take the next step to actually invest the money (in a mutual fund for example), you're saving (which is great), but you're not investing (which is not so great).

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  2. Great post, I had no clue about cents and pennies!

    The tax credit/tax deduction is often so confusing to people, including me! Thanks for posting!

    Take Care

    LJ

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  3. "Pre-qualification vs. pre-approval."

    I have a roommate who just CANNOT for the life of him understand this. He has poor credit due to lots of debt and he just can't quite grasp that pre-qualification doesn't mean he will be approvated. Particularly for the lower rates. Instead he applies over and over for the 0% rate, and never receives it. In the mean time racking up who knows how many credit inquiries

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  4. Great 101 course in the terms that we see a lot and are maybe not sure about. I work in insurance but have a personal interest in finance so it's good to know exactly what things are because I'm not as familiar as I'd like. And, thank for the MLM/pyramid scheme definition. I have a relative who's been in dozens of MLM companies selling loads of who knows what for who knows how long and I always interchanged those terms. I won't know 🙂

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  5. Generally speaking, there's no such thing as 'pre-approval' when it comes to credit cards.

    Card issuers aren't legally allowed to pull your credit report without your express legal permission, so there's really no way you can be pre-approved by any offers you receive in the mail – it's just a marketing ploy to get you on the hook!

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  6. I think the APR/APY terms can cause the greatest confusion and they are probably used the most in advertising. Ever notice how a good mortgage rate does not look as good when its displayed in APR/APY? Still informative material.

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  7. I would throw in all the savings bonds in with the other Treasury products. People always have problems differentiating the different types (EE, I, H) and it makes matters worse when different products have similar features like I Bonds and TIPS. No wonder people don't save anymore.

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  8. Unfortunately, the description of APR is incorrect. The entire purpose behind using APR is to compensate for the effect of different compounding periods and one-time fees. This distinction is properly made between APR and the "simple" or "nominal" interest rate, which does *not* take compounding into account.

    APY is similar to APR except that it does not take one-time fees into account (and is usually used for expressing yield on deposit accounts like savings accounts or CDs).

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  9. A big one I hear is "tax return" vs. "tax refund." As in "With my tax return I am going to buy a TV." Oh really, all they want for that TV is a 1040?

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  10. Thanks for explaining the difference between MLMs and pyramid schemes. I've been involved in the former and would like to be again; the good ones are basically like really cheap franchises and sometimes they offer really good product. The last one I was involved with (and I've been involved with three) offered the kinds of scented candles you might find at Whole Foods, and for about the same price range, only nicer quality.

    I was not aware of the difference between APR and APY. I will have to mark this in del.icio.us for future reference.

    Reply

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